Kontribusi Pendidikan Vokasi terhadap Pemberdayaan Perempuan dalam  Pertumbuhan Ekonomi melalui Sektor Formal: Sitematis  Literatur Review

Lina Isnaini; M. Sabandi; Kusuma Dewi Wardani

doi:10.31004/riggs.v5i1.4782

Authors

Lina Isnaini Universitas Sebelas Maret
M. Sabandi Univeristas Sebelas Maret
Kusuma Dewi Wardani Univeristas Sebelas Maret

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31004/riggs.v5i1.4782

Keywords:

Vocational Education, Women's Empowerment, Gender Equality, Economic Growth, Formal Sector

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze the contribution of vocational education to women's empowerment and its impact on economic growth through the formal sector in Indonesia. Employment opportunities for women are very low and have led to increased unemployment for women and a significant gender wage gap, as women are more likely to work in the informal sector, limiting their access to non-financial benefits such as health insurance and paid maternity leave. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method on 26 international and national scientific articles, this study highlights the role of vocational education, particularly Vocational Training Centers (BLK), in improving skills, social inclusion, and gender equality in the labor market. The review results show that government investment in vocational education is positively correlated with formal economic growth by increasing labor productivity and strengthening women's capacity in the modern economic sector. Gender-responsive TVET programs have been shown to improve women's employability, economic independence, and participation in household and public decision-making. However, structural barriers such as patriarchy, gender stereotypes, and limited access to capital remain major challenges. Therefore, affirmative policies, institutional support, and synergy between government, industry, and training institutions are needed so that TVET truly becomes a transformative instrument in strengthening gender equality and supporting the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) 5. Thus, vocational education is not only a tool to improve workforce skills, but also a driving force for inclusive and sustainable economic development.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agunawan. (2020). Pembelajaran Vokasi di Perguruan Tinggi : TInjauan Filsafat dan Rekonstruksi Teori (Vol. 4, Issue 1).

Ahmad, M. (2023). Labor and Wages in Bangladesh: Trends, Challenges, and Policy Implications. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 12(3), 66–74.

Ahmad, S. R., Isa, N., Liaw, A., Nazari, M. L., Abdullah, N. P., Rani, M. H., Ahmad, A., Rahman, A. Q. A., & Lokman, A. M. (2023). Enhancing Employability and Empowerment: Unveiling Factors within PERDA-TECH for Sustainable Development. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 15(3 Special Issue), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2023.15.03.02

Alam, M. J., & Sharmin, D. (2023). Skills Development for Graduate Employability in Bangladesh: Japanese Language in TVET Program. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 15(2), 72–91. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2023.15.02.007

Aldabbas, H., & Alzoukani, A. (2025). Determining the Challenges and Future Opportunities in Vocational Education and Training in the UAE: A Systematic Literature Review. Open Education Studies, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/edu-2025-0082

Ali Asadullah, M. (2019). Quadratic Indirect Effect of National TVET Expenditure on Economic Growth Through Social Inclusion Indicators. SAGE Open, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019830557

Allais, S. (2023). Why skills anticipation in African VET systems needs to be decolonized: The wide-spread use and limited value of occupational standards and competency-based qualifications. International Journal of Educational Development, 102(February), 102873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102873

Arif, A. A., Islam, M. S., & Akther, W. (2025). Impact of Skills Training for Young People to Generate Employment Opportunities in Bangladesh. South Asian Research Journal of Business and Management, 7(03), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjbm.2025.v07i03.009

Awodiji, O. A. (2024). The Moderating Effect of Gender and School Type on the Nexus between Soft Skills and TVET Graduates’ Employability. The Journal of Technical Education and Training, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2024.16.01.016

Bag, A., & Chattopadhyay, K. (2024). Women’S Empowerment Through Vocational and Technical Education (Vte): Opportunities, Challenges and Societal Impact. Vidya - a Journal of Gujarat University, 3(2), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.47413/4tj2fw39

Bahaw, P., Stephens, A., & Mack, A. (2025). Gender-sensitive vocational and entrepreneurship education: addressing poverty for Caribbean women. Discover Global Society, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-025-00162-z

Besse Qur’ani, S.Pd., M.Pd., D. (2016). Pendidikan Vokasional Era 5.0.

Bray-Collins, E., Andrade, N., & Wanjiru, C. (2022). Gender and TVET in Africa. Futures of Education, Culture and Nature - Learning to Become, 1(1), 151–171. https://doi.org/10.7146/fecun.v1i.130245

Budi Harahap, A. (2020). Peran Balai Latihan Kerja Padang dalam Pemberdayaan Perempuan Muslimah di Kota Padang. Jurnal At-Taghyir: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Pengembangan Masyarakat Desa, 2(1), 64–81. https://doi.org/10.24952/taghyir.v2i1.1960

Economi, the global. (2024). Female labor force participation - Country rankings. The Global Economy, 4. https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/Female_labor_force_participation/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Fardani, M., Putri, A., Ignasha, N., Farliana, N., & Chairunisa, N. A. (2025). Pengaruh Gender Terhadap Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja (Tpak) Pada Provinsi Di Indonesia Tahun 2023. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pendidikan, 22(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.21831/jep.v22i1.83693

Gul, N., Zada, M., Contreras-Barraza, N., Salazar-Sepúlveda, G., Ullah, N., & Mohi Ud Din, Q. (2025). Empowering Balochistan’s skilled women: Unleashing self-employment potential. Acta Psychologica, 260(August). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105407

Harmse, L., & Dichaba, M. (2025). Investigating the Factors Contributing to the Underrepresentation of Female Lecturers in STEM Disciplines at a TVET College. Journal of Culture and Values in Education, 8(1), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.2025.5

Karim, Z. I. A., & Maat, S. M. (2019). Employability skills model for engineering technology students. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 11(2), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2019.11.02.008

Keelson, S.A. , Addo, J.o., Kwarteng, K. and Amoah, J. (2025). the Role of Innovation in Fostering Entrepreneurial. 11(1), 285–305.

Kurniasari, W., Budiarty, I., & Murwiati, A. (2025). Economic and Health Dimension of Female Labor Force Participation in Indonesia. 14, 1–16.

Letshaba, R. K., Mahosi, B. N., & Sibiya, A. (2025). Does entrepreneurship education invigorate opportunity recognition and exploitation? Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, 17(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v17i1.1068

Lukhele, B. N., & Laseinde, O. T. (2024). Exploring Mechanical Engineering Equipment at TVET Colleges in South Africa, Towards Integrating Virtual and Cyber-Physical Learning. Procedia Computer Science, 232, 2690–2700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.02.086

Maltseva, V. A., & Shabalin, A. I. (2021). The Non-Bypass Trajectory, or The Boom in Demand for TVET in Russia. Voprosy Obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, 2021(2), 10–42. https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2021-2-10-42

Muladi, Wibawa, A. P., & Moses, K. M. (2018). A study of the impact of cooperation between vocational high school and industries in Malang City. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1028(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1028/1/012077

Otieno, D., Nyerere, J., Shisanya, C., Mutuma, W., Kariuki, D., Bula, H. B., Kipkoech, G., Onsomo, S., Macharia, J., Onsomu, E., Muhwezi, M., Ondieki, C., & Onyango, J. (2024). Typology of Transferable Skills for Women Employability in Kenya. Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, 4(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.62049/jkncu.v4i1.51

Paez, G. N., & Tin, M. S. (2021a). Gender-based differences in Myanmar’s labor force. World Development Perspectives, 21, 100299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100299

Paez, G. N., & Tin, M. S. (2021b). Gender-based differences in Myanmar’s labor force. World Development Perspectives, 21, 100299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100299

Regel, J., Rajagopalan, A., Mukherji, A., Basu, S., & Pilz, M. (2024). Implementation of Innovations in Skill Ecosystems: Promoting and Inhibiting Factors in the Indian Context. Education Sciences, 14(12), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121404

Rifka Alkhilyatul Ma’rifat, I Made Suraharta, I. I. J. (2024). Refleksi Hari Kartini, Perempuan Masih Tertinggal dalam Pasar Kerja Indonesia. 21-01-20205, 2, 306–312. https://www.kompas.id/artikel/refleksi-hari-kartini-perempuan-masih-tertinggal-dalam-pasar-kerja-indonesia?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Roziqin, A., Suwitri, S., Apryanto, A. A., & Sihidi, I. T. (2019). Pendidikan Berbasis Kesetaraan Gender Di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Education Based on Gender Equality in Central Java Province Ali Roziqin. SOCIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 16(2), 202–2