Ketahanan Pangan dan Hak Akses Lahan bagi Masyarakat Adat di Merauke: Kajian Kritis atas Implementasi Kebijakan Publik

Everistus Rikardus

doi:10.31004/riggs.v4i1.375

Authors

Everistus Rikardus Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Plotik Yaleka Maro Merauke

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31004/riggs.v4i1.375

Keywords:

Ketahanan pangan, Hak atas lahan, Masyarakat adat, Kebijakan publik, Food estate

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara kritis dampak kebijakan Lumbung Pangan Nasional (food estate) terhadap ketahanan pangan dan hak akses lahan masyarakat adat, dengan fokus khusus pada komunitas Marind di Distrik Jagebob, Kabupaten Merauke. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan rancangan studi kasus, guna memahami secara mendalam perubahan sosial-ekologis yang terjadi sebagai akibat implementasi kebijakan pembangunan berskala besar. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, dan studi dokumentasi terhadap kebijakan dan praktik di lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proyek food estate dilaksanakan secara top-down tanpa konsultasi bermakna, mengabaikan prinsip Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) dan tidak mengakui hak ulayat secara formal. Hal ini berdampak pada hilangnya akses terhadap sumber pangan tradisional seperti hutan, rawa, dan kebun lokal, sehingga meningkatkan ketergantungan masyarakat terhadap pangan dari luar dan mengganggu keberlanjutan sistem pangan subsisten. Selain itu, perubahan sistem produksi telah memicu disrupsi sosial-budaya dan memperlemah lembaga adat yang sebelumnya berperan dalam pengelolaan sumber daya. Alienasi agraria pun muncul sebagai akibat klaim negara atas tanah adat tanpa skema kompensasi yang adil. Meski demikian, masyarakat menunjukkan strategi adaptasi dan resistensi melalui revitalisasi lembaga adat, pendidikan budaya, dan pertanian berbasis kearifan lokal. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perlunya reformulasi kebijakan berbasis keadilan ekologis dan sosial, yang menghormati kedaulatan pangan, hak tanah, dan sistem pengetahuan lokal masyarakat adat

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