Integrating Resource-Based, External Dependency, Dynamic Capability, and Social Cognitive Perspectives to Explain Organizational Performance in Context of PT Telkom Indonesia

Abstract

The rapid restructuring of the global telecommunications industry toward data-driven digital ecosystems has intensified the strategic relevance of internal resources, interorganizational dependencies, adaptive capability renewal, and managerial cognition as determinants of organizational performance. This conceptual review integrates Firm Performance Theory with the Resource-Based View (RBV), Resource Dependence Theory (RDT), Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT), and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to construct a multi-level explanatory model suited to organizations undergoing digital transformation. Using PT Telkom Indonesia as contextual grounding, the review demonstrates that organizational performance emerges not solely from the possession of VRIN resources, but from the interaction between resource endowments, dependency governance structures, dynamic capability enactment, and the development of cognitive and learning-based competences. The synthesis argues that Telkom’s performance trajectory in transitioning from legacy telecommunication operations toward integrated digital infrastructure and enterprise platform services is shaped by the simultaneous reinforcement of asset orchestration logic, partnership coordination, strategic sensing and reconfiguration routines, and leadership self-efficacy. The article proposes a circular, mutually constitutive model of performance generation rather than a linear causal sequence, highlighting performance as an evolving outcome of co-aligned strategic mechanisms. Research gaps are identified in cognitive microfoundations of digital transformation in state-owned enterprises, dependency–capability interplay in digital infrastructure ecosystems, and performance measurement adaptations for platform-based business models. A future research agenda is proposed to address these gaps.